A two-dimensional finite element (FEM) model was developed to simulate water propagation in soil during irrigation. The first dimension was water distribution depth in soil, and the second dimension ...

Underactuated mechanical systems arise naturally in many engineering applications due to design constraints, energy efficiency requirements, or actuator limitations. Typical examples include robotic ...

The Takagi--Sugeno (T--S) fuzzy descriptor system offers a promising avenue for controlling non-linear systems but lacks optimal control strategies. Moreover, while robust control methods have been ...

Academics have developed a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for PV systems that combines incremental conductance with fuzzy logic control. The inputs used are the sum of conductance and ...