In the human gastrointestinal tract, pH is a key factor in shaping gut microbial composition and activity, while also being influenced by microbial metabolism. pH varies substantially along the ...

The inside of a living cell is a surprising patchwork of environments. For example, pH levels can vary dramatically in different organelles, despite them being just a couple hundred nanometers apart.

Microorganisms are capable of adapting their cells to almost every biological and physicochemical environment. Any deviation from homeostatic conditions can trigger stress reactions in these microbes.